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| C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE. |
Hey guys, I am come with my new post about c++ programming. In the last
post, I told you about basics of c programming. In this post,
giving you information about C++.
C++ is just like c: in fact,
it`s considered a superset of c. essentially, c++ is c with additional functionality.
C++ is an object oriented
programming language supports data abstraction and supports generic
programming.
C++ was introduced by Bjarne Stroustrup at bell labs in 1980
in Murray hi, new USA as an extension to the c language. In c++ adding new
features that included virtual functions ,function name and operator
overloading ,references ,constants, type- safe free - store memory allocation
(new /delete ) ,improved type checking inheritance ,abstract classes ,static
member factions ,protected members, later templates,exceptions,name space ,new
casts , Booleans type features, and BCPL(basic combined programming language )
style single line comments with two forward slashes (//) .the motivation behind
abject oriented programming is to try to see the whole world in the form of
classes and objects.
Key word in C++ is predefined
or reserved word in C++ library with fixed meaning and used to perform an
internal operation C++ language supports more than 64 key words .every keyword exists
in lower case ,const,continue ,int etc. you cannot use any keyword as variable
name or identifier and cannot overload.
In OOP everything is
represented as an object and when programs are executed ,the object interact
with each other by passing message .an object need not know the implementation
details of another object for communicating.
Special
feature of object oriented program
ABSTRACTION
Abstraction the process of
hiding irrelevant information from the user .using abstraction in programming, we
can hide unnecessary details from the user. By using abstraction in our application,
the end user is not affected even if we change the internal implementation.
ENCAPSULATION
The term simply grouping
related data and functions together such as object and defining an interface to
those objects. In object oriented programming, encapsulation is defined as
binding together the data and the functions that manipulate them.
By doing this data is not
easily accessible to the outside world; in OOP we achieve encapsulation by
making data members as private and having public factions to access these data
members.
INHERITANCE
Inheritance is one of the
most important feature of object oriented programming this mechanism
allowing code to reused between related
types i.e. derived new class from existing one .
When creating a class,
instead of writing completely new data members and member functions the
programmer can designate that the new class should inherit the members of an
existing class the new class is referred to as the derived class .the main
advantages of inheritance are code reusability and read ability.
POLYMORPHISM
Poly means many and morphism
means forms, so it can refers many forms. Polymorphism is an important feature
of OOP and is usually implemented as operator overloading or function
overloading. This terms allowing a single value from one of several types and
determining at runtime which functions to call on it based on its type .it is
term that allow single name to be used for more than one related to be used for
more than one related purpose ,which are technically not same.
It is the ability of one
object to have may types .polymorphism means “many shapes”
Why
use C++ application
C++ is a versatile language
for handling very large program.
C++program are easily
maintainable.
C++ is an object oriented
language which gibes a clear structure to program and allows code to be reused,
lowering development cost.
C++ is portable and can be
used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ can be found in today’s
operating systems graphical user interfaces and embedded systems.
C++ is suitable for any
program in task including development of editors, compiler,data base
,communications system and any complex real life application systems .
C++ allows us to create hierarchy
related objects. We can build special object oriented library which can be used
later by many programmer.
Data
types in C++
Data type is a keyword used
to identify type of data. It is used for storing the input of the program into
the main memory (RAM)of the computer by allocating amount of memory space in
the main memory of the computer.
FUNDAMENTAL
OR PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
Primitive data types are referred as built in data type .these are the data types. whose variable can hold maximum one value at a time. The primitive types are the most basic building blocks for any programming language and are the base for more complex data types.
In C++ languages built in
data types are,
|
1 |
Character |
Keyword
used for character data type is char. character type requires 1 bytes of
memory space.
|
|
2 |
Integer |
Keyword
used for integer data types is int. integer typically requires 4 bytes of
memory space.
|
|
3 |
Boolean |
Stores
either value true or false. Keyword used for Boolean data type is bool.
|
|
5 |
Floating
point |
Floating
point data type is used for storing single precision floating pointy values
or decimal value .float variables typically required 4 bytes of memory space.
|
|
6 |
Double
floating point |
Double
float variables typically required 8 bytes of memory space.
|
|
7 |
Wide
character |
Wide
character data type is also a character data type but this data type has size
greater than the normal 8 bit data type. Represented by wchar_t. it is
generally 2 or 4 bytes long.
|
|
8 |
Void |
Void
mean without any value .void data type is used for those functions which do
not return value.
|
DERIVED
DATA TYPES
These data type are derived
from fundamental data type. Variable of derived data type, allow us to store
multiple values of same type in one variable but never allows storing multiple
values of different types .these are the data type whose variable can hold more
than one value of similar type. Time complexity comes in case of derived data
types as it mainly deals with manipulation and execution of logic over data
that it stored.
·
Array
·
Function
·
Pointer
·
Reference
USER
-DIFINED DATA TYPE
As the programming languages
allow the user to create their own data types according to their needs. Hence,
the data types that are defined by the user are known as user-defined data
types. User defined data types related variables allows us to store multiple
values either of same type or deferent type or both. This is a data type whose
variable can hold more than one value of dissimilar type.
In C++ language user-defined
data types can be developed by using
·
Structure
·
Union
·
Class
·
Enumeration
INSERTION
OPERATOR (<<)
Insertion operator (<<) is also called output operator or put –to operator .it is means reads data from variable and send it on to the std output device that is VDU( visual display unit ) it is used with cout object for displaying variable or text .it is same as of printf() function used in C language.
Ex.
Cout<< “welcome to C++”;
EXTRACTION
OPERATOR (>>)
Extraction operator (>>)
is also called input operator or get from std input device and store at the
given location by variable name. It is used with Cin object for reading into variables.
It extract or gets the content of variable or string from the keyboard ,and assigned
to variable on its right. This works same as scanf() works in C language.
EX.
Cin>>Y;
Where Y is a variable.
Manipulators
in C++
Manipulators are operators
used in C++ for formatting output. It’s are a function specifically designed to
be used in conjunctions with the insertion and extraction operators on stream
objects. The main advantage of using manipulator function is that they
facilitate that formatting of input and output stream.
To carry out the operations
of these manipulator functions in a user program, the header file input and
output manipulator <iomanip.h> must be included.
endl
manipulator
endl is the feed operator in
C++. It acts as a stream manipulator whose purpose is to feed the whole line
and then point the cursor to the beginning of the next line. We can use /n
instead of endl for the same purpose.
Ex
#include<iomanip.h>
#include<iostream.h>
Void main()
{
Cout<<”a”<<endl<<”b”<<endl;
Cout<<”a=”<<a<<endl;
Cout<<”b=”<<b<<endl;
}
Output:
a
b
a=100
b=50
setw()
manipulator
The setw () stands for the
set width. The setw () manipulator is used to specify the minimum number of
character positions on the output field a variable will consume.
EX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
Void main(viod)
{
Int a,b;
a=500;
b=800;
cout<<setw(5 ) <<a<<setw(5)
<<b<<endl;
cout<<setw(6) <<a<<setw(6)
<<b<<endl;
cout<<setw(7) <<a<<setw(7)
<<b<<endl;
cout<<setw(8) <<a<<setw(8)
<<b<<endl;
}
Output:
500 800
500 800
500 800
500 800
Setfill() manipulator
Setfill() manipulator
function is used to specify a different character to fill the unused field
width of the value. If a value does not entirely fill a field, then the
character specified in the argument of the manipulator is used for filling the
fields.
Ex
#include<iostream.h>
#include<iomanip.h>
Void main()
{
Int
a,b;
a=100;
b=200;
cout<<setfill(‘*’);
cout<<setw(5)
<<a<<setw(5) <<b<<endl;
cout<<setw(6)
<<a<<setw(5) <<b<<endl;
}
Output:
**100**200
***100***300
Setprecision
() manipulator
The setprecision() is used
to control the number of digits of an output steam display of a floating point
value.
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